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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
"""encutils - encoding detection collection for Python
:Version: 0.9.8
:Author: Christof Hoeke, see http://cthedot.de/encutils/
:Contributor: Robert Siemer, Fredrik Hedman <fredrik.hedman@me.com> ported to python3
:Copyright: 2005-2012: Christof Hoeke
:License: encutils has a dual-license, please choose whatever you prefer:
* encutils is published under the
`LGPL 3 or later <http://cthedot.de/encutils/license/>`__
* encutils is published under the
`Creative Commons License <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/>`__.
encutils is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
encutils is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
along with encutils. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
A collection of helper functions to detect encodings of text files (like HTML, XHTML, XML, CSS, etc.) retrieved via HTTP, file or string.
:func:`getEncodingInfo` is probably the main function of interest which uses
other supplied functions itself and gathers all information together and
supplies an :class:`EncodingInfo` object.
example::
>>> import encutils
>>> info = encutils.getEncodingInfo(url='http://cthedot.de/encutils/')
>>> str(info)
utf-8
>>> repr(info) # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
<encutils.EncodingInfo object encoding='utf-8' mismatch=False at...>
>>> info.logtext
HTTP media_type: text/html
HTTP encoding: utf-8
Encoding (probably): utf-8 (Mismatch: False)
<BLANKLINE>
references
XML
RFC 3023 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3023.txt)
easier explained in
- http://feedparser.org/docs/advanced.html
- http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2004/07/21/dive.html
HTML
http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/charset.html#h-5.2.2
TODO
- parse @charset of HTML elements?
- check for more texttypes if only text given
"""
__all__ = ['buildlog',
'encodingByMediaType',
'getHTTPInfo',
'getMetaInfo',
'detectXMLEncoding',
'getEncodingInfo',
'tryEncodings',
'EncodingInfo']
__docformat__ = 'restructuredtext'
__author__ = 'Christof Hoeke, Robert Siemer, Fredrik Hedman'
__version__ = '$Id$'
import HTMLParser
import StringIO
import cgi
import httplib
import re
import sys
import types
import urllib
VERSION = '0.9.8'
PY2x = sys.version_info < (3,0)
class _MetaHTMLParser(HTMLParser.HTMLParser):
"""Parse given data for <meta http-equiv="content-type">."""
content_type = None
def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
if tag == 'meta' and not self.content_type:
atts = dict([(a.lower(), v.lower()) for a, v in attrs])
if atts.get('http-equiv', u'').strip() == u'content-type':
self.content_type = atts.get('content')
# application/xml, application/xml-dtd, application/xml-external-parsed-entity, or a subtype like application/rss+xml.
_XML_APPLICATION_TYPE = 0
# text/xml, text/xml-external-parsed-entity, or a subtype like text/AnythingAtAll+xml
_XML_TEXT_TYPE = 1
# text/html
_HTML_TEXT_TYPE = 2
# any other of text/* like text/plain, ...
_TEXT_TYPE = 3
# any text/* like which defaults to UTF-8 encoding, for now only text/css
_TEXT_UTF8 = 5
# types not fitting in above types
_OTHER_TYPE = 4
class EncodingInfo(object):
"""
All encoding related information, returned by :func:`getEncodingInfo`.
Attributes filled:
- ``encoding``: The guessed encoding
Encoding is the explicit or implicit encoding or None and
always lowercase.
- from HTTP response
* ``http_encoding``
* ``http_media_type``
- from HTML <meta> element
* ``meta_encoding``
* ``meta_media_type``
- from XML declaration
* ``xml_encoding``
- ``mismatch``: True if mismatch between XML declaration and HTTP
header.
Mismatch is True if any mismatches between HTTP header, XML
declaration or textcontent (meta) are found. More detailed
mismatch reports are written to the optional log or ``logtext``
Mismatches are not necessarily errors as preferences are defined.
For details see the specifications.
- ``logtext``: if no log was given log reports are given here
"""
def __init__(self):
"""Initialize all possible properties to ``None``, see class
description
"""
self.encoding = self.mismatch = self.logtext =\
self.http_encoding = self.http_media_type =\
self.meta_encoding = self.meta_media_type =\
self.xml_encoding =\
None
def __str__(self):
"""Output the guessed encoding itself or the empty string."""
if self.encoding:
return self.encoding
else:
return u''
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s.%s object encoding=%r mismatch=%s at 0x%x>" % (
self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__,
self.encoding, self.mismatch, id(self))
def buildlog(logname='encutils', level='INFO', stream=sys.stderr,
filename=None, filemode="w",
format='%(levelname)s\t%(message)s'):
"""Helper to build a basic log
- if `filename` is given returns a log logging to `filename` with
mode `filemode`
- else uses a log streaming to `stream` which defaults to
`sys.stderr`
- `level` defines the level of the log
- `format` defines the formatter format of the log
:returns:
a log with the name `logname`
"""
import logging
log = logging.getLogger(logname)
if filename:
hdlr = logging.FileHandler(filename, filemode)
else:
hdlr = logging.StreamHandler(stream)
formatter = logging.Formatter(format)
hdlr.setFormatter(formatter)
log.addHandler(hdlr)
log.setLevel(logging.__dict__.get(level, logging.INFO))
return log
def _getTextTypeByMediaType(media_type, log=None):
"""
:returns:
type as defined by constants in this class
"""
if not media_type:
return _OTHER_TYPE
xml_application_types = [
ur'application/.*?\+xml',
u'application/xml',
u'application/xml-dtd',
u'application/xml-external-parsed-entity']
xml_text_types = [
ur'text\/.*?\+xml',
u'text/xml',
u'text/xml-external-parsed-entity']
media_type = media_type.strip().lower()
if media_type in xml_application_types or\
re.match(xml_application_types[0], media_type, re.I|re.S|re.X):
return _XML_APPLICATION_TYPE
elif media_type in xml_text_types or\
re.match(xml_text_types[0], media_type, re.I|re.S|re.X):
return _XML_TEXT_TYPE
elif media_type == u'text/html':
return _HTML_TEXT_TYPE
elif media_type == u'text/css':
return _TEXT_UTF8
elif media_type.startswith(u'text/'):
return _TEXT_TYPE
else:
return _OTHER_TYPE
def _getTextType(text, log=None):
"""Check if given text is XML (**naive test!**)
used if no content-type given
"""
if text[:30].find(u'<?xml version=') != -1:
return _XML_APPLICATION_TYPE
else:
return _OTHER_TYPE
def encodingByMediaType(media_type, log=None):
"""
:param media_type:
a media type like "text/html"
:returns:
a default encoding for given `media_type`. For example
``"utf-8"`` for ``media_type="application/xml"``.
If no default encoding is available returns ``None``.
Refers to RFC 3023 and HTTP MIME specification.
"""
defaultencodings = {
_XML_APPLICATION_TYPE: u'utf-8',
_XML_TEXT_TYPE: u'ascii',
_HTML_TEXT_TYPE: u'iso-8859-1', # should be None?
_TEXT_TYPE: u'iso-8859-1', # should be None?
_TEXT_UTF8: u'utf-8',
_OTHER_TYPE: None}
texttype = _getTextTypeByMediaType(media_type)
encoding = defaultencodings.get(texttype, None)
if log:
if not encoding:
log.debug(u'"%s" Media-Type has no default encoding',
media_type)
else:
log.debug(
u'Default encoding for Media Type "%s": %s',
media_type, encoding)
return encoding
def getHTTPInfo(response, log=None):
"""
:param response:
a HTTP response object
:returns:
``(media_type, encoding)`` information from the `response`
Content-Type HTTP header. (Case of headers is ignored.)
May be ``(None, None)`` e.g. if no Content-Type header is
available.
"""
info = response.info()
if PY2x:
media_type, encoding = info.gettype(), info.getparam('charset')
else:
media_type, encoding = info.get_content_type(), info.get_content_charset()
if encoding:
encoding = encoding.lower()
if log:
log.info(u'HTTP media_type: %s', media_type)
log.info(u'HTTP encoding: %s', encoding)
return media_type, encoding
def getMetaInfo(text, log=None):
"""
:param text:
a byte string
:returns:
``(media_type, encoding)`` information from (first)
X/HTML Content-Type ``<meta>`` element if available in `text`.
XHTML format::
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="media_type;charset=encoding" />
"""
p = _MetaHTMLParser()
try:
p.feed(text)
except HTMLParser.HTMLParseError, e:
pass
if p.content_type:
media_type, params = cgi.parse_header(p.content_type)
encoding = params.get('charset') # defaults to None
if encoding:
encoding = encoding.lower()
if log:
log.info(u'HTML META media_type: %s', media_type)
log.info(u'HTML META encoding: %s', encoding)
else:
media_type = encoding = None
return media_type, encoding
def detectXMLEncoding(fp, log=None, includeDefault=True):
"""Attempt to detect the character encoding of the xml file
given by a file object `fp`. `fp` must not be a codec wrapped file
object! `fp` may be a string or unicode string though.
Based on a recipe by Lars Tiede:
http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/363841
which itself is based on Paul Prescotts recipe:
http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/52257
:returns:
- if detection of the BOM succeeds, the codec name of the
corresponding unicode charset is returned
- if BOM detection fails, the xml declaration is searched for
the encoding attribute and its value returned. the "<"
character has to be the very first in the file then (it's xml
standard after all).
- if BOM and xml declaration fail, utf-8 is returned according
to XML 1.0.
"""
if PY2x and isinstance(fp, types.StringTypes):
fp = StringIO.StringIO(fp)
elif isinstance(fp, (str,)):
fp = StringIO.StringIO(fp)
### detection using BOM
## the BOMs we know, by their pattern
bomDict={ # bytepattern: name
(0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0xFF) : "utf_32_be",
(0xFF, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00) : "utf_32_le",
(0xFE, 0xFF, None, None) : "utf_16_be",
(0xFF, 0xFE, None, None) : "utf_16_le",
(0xEF, 0xBB, 0xBF, None) : "utf-8",
}
## go to beginning of file and get the first 4 bytes
oldFP = fp.tell()
fp.seek(0)
(byte1, byte2, byte3, byte4) = tuple(map(ord, fp.read(4)))
## try bom detection using 4 bytes, 3 bytes, or 2 bytes
bomDetection = bomDict.get((byte1, byte2, byte3, byte4))
if not bomDetection:
bomDetection = bomDict.get((byte1, byte2, byte3, None))
if not bomDetection:
bomDetection = bomDict.get((byte1, byte2, None, None))
## if BOM detected, we're done :-)
if bomDetection:
if log:
log.info(u'XML BOM encoding: %s' % bomDetection)
fp.seek(oldFP)
return bomDetection
## still here? BOM detection failed.
## now that BOM detection has failed we assume one byte character
## encoding behaving ASCII
### search xml declaration for encoding attribute
## assume xml declaration fits into the first 2 KB (*cough*)
fp.seek(0)
buffer = fp.read(2048)
## set up regular expression
xmlDeclPattern = r"""
^<\?xml # w/o BOM, xmldecl starts with <?xml at the first byte
.+? # some chars (version info), matched minimal
encoding= # encoding attribute begins
["'] # attribute start delimiter
(?P<encstr> # what's matched in the brackets will be named encstr
[^"']+ # every character not delimiter (not overly exact!)
) # closes the brackets pair for the named group
["'] # attribute end delimiter
.*? # some chars optionally (standalone decl or whitespace)
\?> # xmldecl end
"""
xmlDeclRE = re.compile(xmlDeclPattern, re.VERBOSE)
## search and extract encoding string
match = xmlDeclRE.search(buffer)
fp.seek(oldFP)
if match:
enc = match.group("encstr").lower()
if log:
log.info(u'XML encoding="%s"' % enc)
return enc
else:
if includeDefault:
if log:
log.info(u'XML encoding default utf-8')
return u'utf-8'
else:
return None
def tryEncodings(text, log=None):
"""If installed uses chardet http://chardet.feedparser.org/ to detect
encoding, else tries different encodings on `text` and returns the one
that does not raise an exception which is not very advanced or may
be totally wrong. The tried encoding are in order 'ascii', 'iso-8859-1',
'windows-1252' (which probably will never happen as 'iso-8859-1' can decode
these strings too) and lastly 'utf-8'.
:param text:
a byte string
:returns:
Working encoding or ``None`` if no encoding does work at all.
The returned encoding might nevertheless be not the one intended by
the author as it is only checked if the text might be encoded in
that encoding. Some texts might be working in "iso-8859-1" *and*
"windows-1252" *and* "ascii" *and* "utf-8" and ...
"""
try:
import chardet
encoding = chardet.detect(text)["encoding"]
except ImportError:
msg = 'Using simplified encoding detection, you might want to install chardet.'
if log:
log.warn(msg)
else:
print msg
encodings = (
'ascii',
'iso-8859-1',
#'windows-1252', # test later
'utf-8'
)
encoding = None
for e in encodings:
try:
text.decode(e)
except UnicodeDecodeError:
pass
else:
if 'iso-8859-1' == e:
try:
if u'' in text.decode('windows-1252'):
return 'windows-1252'
except UnicodeDecodeError:
pass
return e
return encoding
def getEncodingInfo(response=None, text=u'', log=None, url=None):
"""Find all encoding related information in given `text`.
Information in headers of supplied HTTPResponse, possible XML
declaration and X/HTML ``<meta>`` elements are used.
:param response:
HTTP response object, e.g. via ``urllib.urlopen('url')``
:param text:
a byte string to guess encoding for. XML prolog with
encoding pseudo attribute or HTML meta element will be used to detect
the encoding
:param url:
When given fetches document at `url` and all needed information.
No `reponse` or `text` parameters are needed in this case.
:param log:
an optional logging logger to which messages may go, if
no log given all log messages are available from resulting
``EncodingInfo``
:returns:
instance of :class:`EncodingInfo`.
How the resulting encoding is retrieved:
XML
RFC 3023 states if media type given in the Content-Type HTTP header is
application/xml, application/xml-dtd,
application/xml-external-parsed-entity, or any one of the subtypes of
application/xml such as application/atom+xml or application/rss+xml
etc then the character encoding is determined in this order:
1. the encoding given in the charset parameter of the Content-Type HTTP
header, or
2. the encoding given in the encoding attribute of the XML declaration
within the document, or
3. utf-8.
Mismatch possibilities:
- HTTP + XMLdecla
- HTTP + HTMLmeta
application/xhtml+xml ?
XMLdecla + HTMLmeta
If the media type given in the Content-Type HTTP header is text/xml,
text/xml-external-parsed-entity, or a subtype like text/Anything+xml,
the encoding attribute of the XML declaration is ignored completely
and the character encoding is determined in the order:
1. the encoding given in the charset parameter of the Content-Type HTTP
header, or
2. ascii.
No mismatch possible.
If no media type is given the XML encoding pseuso attribute is used
if present.
No mismatch possible.
HTML
For HTML served as text/html:
http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/charset.html#h-5.2.2
1. An HTTP "charset" parameter in a "Content-Type" field.
(maybe defaults to ISO-8859-1, but should not assume this)
2. A META declaration with "http-equiv" set to "Content-Type" and a
value set for "charset".
3. The charset attribute set on an element that designates an external
resource. (NOT IMPLEMENTED HERE YET)
Mismatch possibilities:
- HTTP + HTMLmeta
TEXT
For most text/* types the encoding will be reported as iso-8859-1.
Exceptions are XML formats send as text/* mime type (see above) and
text/css which has a default encoding of UTF-8.
"""
if url:
# may cause IOError which is raised
response = urllib.urlopen(url)
if text is None:
# read text from response only if not explicitly given
try:
text = response.read()
except IOError, e:
pass
if text is None:
# text must be a string (not None)
text = ''
encinfo = EncodingInfo()
logstream = StringIO.StringIO()
if not log:
log = buildlog(stream=logstream, format='%(message)s')
# HTTP
if response:
encinfo.http_media_type, encinfo.http_encoding = getHTTPInfo(
response, log)
texttype = _getTextTypeByMediaType(encinfo.http_media_type, log)
else:
# check if maybe XML or (TODO:) HTML
texttype = _getTextType(text, log)
# XML only served as application/xml ! #(also XHTML served as text/html)
if texttype == _XML_APPLICATION_TYPE:# or texttype == _XML_TEXT_TYPE:
try:
encinfo.xml_encoding = detectXMLEncoding(text, log)
except (AttributeError, ValueError), e:
encinfo.xml_encoding = None
# XML (also XHTML served as text/html)
if texttype == _HTML_TEXT_TYPE:
try:
encinfo.xml_encoding = detectXMLEncoding(text, log, includeDefault=False)
except (AttributeError, ValueError), e:
encinfo.xml_encoding = None
# HTML
if texttype == _HTML_TEXT_TYPE or texttype == _TEXT_TYPE:
encinfo.meta_media_type, encinfo.meta_encoding = getMetaInfo(
text, log)
# guess
# 1. HTTP charset?
encinfo.encoding = encinfo.http_encoding
encinfo.mismatch = False
# 2. media_type?
# XML application/...
if texttype == _XML_APPLICATION_TYPE:
if not encinfo.encoding:
encinfo.encoding = encinfo.xml_encoding
# xml_encoding has default of utf-8
# text/html
elif texttype == _HTML_TEXT_TYPE:
if not encinfo.encoding:
encinfo.encoding = encinfo.meta_encoding
if not encinfo.encoding:
encinfo.encoding = encodingByMediaType(encinfo.http_media_type)
if not encinfo.encoding:
encinfo.encoding = tryEncodings(text)
# text/... + xml or text/*
elif texttype == _XML_TEXT_TYPE or texttype == _TEXT_TYPE:
if not encinfo.encoding:
encinfo.encoding = encodingByMediaType(encinfo.http_media_type)
elif texttype == _TEXT_UTF8:
if not encinfo.encoding:
encinfo.encoding = encodingByMediaType(encinfo.http_media_type)
# possible mismatches, checks if present at all and then if equal
# HTTP + XML
if encinfo.http_encoding and encinfo.xml_encoding and\
encinfo.http_encoding != encinfo.xml_encoding:
encinfo.mismatch = True
log.warn(u'"%s" (HTTP) != "%s" (XML) encoding mismatch' %
(encinfo.http_encoding, encinfo.xml_encoding))
# HTTP + Meta
if encinfo.http_encoding and encinfo.meta_encoding and\
encinfo.http_encoding != encinfo.meta_encoding:
encinfo.mismatch = True
log.warn(u'"%s" (HTTP) != "%s" (HTML <meta>) encoding mismatch' %
(encinfo.http_encoding, encinfo.meta_encoding))
# XML + Meta
if encinfo.xml_encoding and encinfo.meta_encoding and\
encinfo.xml_encoding != encinfo.meta_encoding:
encinfo.mismatch = True
log.warn(u'"%s" (XML) != "%s" (HTML <meta>) encoding mismatch' %
(encinfo.xml_encoding, encinfo.meta_encoding))
log.info(u'Encoding (probably): %s (Mismatch: %s)',
encinfo.encoding, encinfo.mismatch)
encinfo.logtext = logstream.getvalue()
return encinfo
if __name__ == '__main__':
import pydoc
pydoc.help(__name__)