JackDandy
8 years ago
committed by
GitHub
GitHub
15 changed files with 996 additions and 329 deletions
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# Copyright 2015 The Tornado Authors |
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# |
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# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may |
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# not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain |
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# a copy of the License at |
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# |
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# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 |
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# |
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# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software |
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# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT |
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# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the |
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# License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations |
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# under the License. |
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"""Basic routing implementation. |
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Tornado routes HTTP requests to appropriate handlers using `Router` class implementations. |
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`Router` interface extends `~.httputil.HTTPServerConnectionDelegate` to provide additional |
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routing capabilities. This also means that any `Router` implementation can be used directly |
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as a ``request_callback`` for `~.httpserver.HTTPServer` constructor. |
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`Router` subclass must implement a ``find_handler`` method to provide a suitable |
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`~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` instance to handle the request: |
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.. code-block:: python |
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class CustomRouter(Router): |
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def find_handler(self, request, **kwargs): |
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# some routing logic providing a suitable HTTPMessageDelegate instance |
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return MessageDelegate(request.connection) |
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class MessageDelegate(HTTPMessageDelegate): |
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def __init__(self, connection): |
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self.connection = connection |
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def finish(self): |
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self.connection.write_headers( |
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ResponseStartLine("HTTP/1.1", 200, "OK"), |
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HTTPHeaders({"Content-Length": "2"}), |
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b"OK") |
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self.connection.finish() |
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router = CustomRouter() |
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server = HTTPServer(router) |
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The main responsibility of `Router` implementation is to provide a mapping from a request |
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to `~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` instance that will handle this request. In the example above |
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we can see that routing is possible even without instantiating an `~.web.Application`. |
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For routing to `~.web.RequestHandler` implementations we need an `~.web.Application` instance. |
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`~.web.Application.get_handler_delegate` provides a convenient way to create |
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`~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` for a given request and `~.web.RequestHandler`. |
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Here is a simple example of how we can we route to `~.web.RequestHandler` subclasses |
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by HTTP method: |
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.. code-block:: python |
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resources = {} |
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class GetResource(RequestHandler): |
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def get(self, path): |
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if path not in resources: |
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raise HTTPError(404) |
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self.finish(resources[path]) |
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class PostResource(RequestHandler): |
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def post(self, path): |
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resources[path] = self.request.body |
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class HTTPMethodRouter(Router): |
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def __init__(self, app): |
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self.app = app |
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def find_handler(self, request, **kwargs): |
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handler = GetResource if request.method == "GET" else PostResource |
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return self.app.get_handler_delegate(request, handler, path_args=[request.path]) |
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router = HTTPMethodRouter(Application()) |
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server = HTTPServer(router) |
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`ReversibleRouter` interface adds the ability to distinguish between the routes and |
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reverse them to the original urls using route's name and additional arguments. |
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`~.web.Application` is itself an implementation of `ReversibleRouter` class. |
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`RuleRouter` and `ReversibleRuleRouter` are implementations of `Router` and `ReversibleRouter` |
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interfaces and can be used for creating rule-based routing configurations. |
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Rules are instances of `Rule` class. They contain a `Matcher`, which provides the logic for |
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determining whether the rule is a match for a particular request and a target, which can be |
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one of the following. |
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1) An instance of `~.httputil.HTTPServerConnectionDelegate`: |
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.. code-block:: python |
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router = RuleRouter([ |
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Rule(PathMatches("/handler"), ConnectionDelegate()), |
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# ... more rules |
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]) |
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class ConnectionDelegate(HTTPServerConnectionDelegate): |
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def start_request(self, server_conn, request_conn): |
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return MessageDelegate(request_conn) |
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2) A callable accepting a single argument of `~.httputil.HTTPServerRequest` type: |
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.. code-block:: python |
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router = RuleRouter([ |
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Rule(PathMatches("/callable"), request_callable) |
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]) |
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def request_callable(request): |
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request.write(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\\r\\nContent-Length: 2\\r\\n\\r\\nOK") |
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request.finish() |
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3) Another `Router` instance: |
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.. code-block:: python |
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router = RuleRouter([ |
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Rule(PathMatches("/router.*"), CustomRouter()) |
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]) |
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Of course a nested `RuleRouter` or a `~.web.Application` is allowed: |
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.. code-block:: python |
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router = RuleRouter([ |
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Rule(HostMatches("example.com"), RuleRouter([ |
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Rule(PathMatches("/app1/.*"), Application([(r"/app1/handler", Handler)]))), |
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])) |
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]) |
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server = HTTPServer(router) |
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In the example below `RuleRouter` is used to route between applications: |
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.. code-block:: python |
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app1 = Application([ |
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(r"/app1/handler", Handler1), |
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# other handlers ... |
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]) |
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app2 = Application([ |
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(r"/app2/handler", Handler2), |
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# other handlers ... |
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]) |
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router = RuleRouter([ |
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Rule(PathMatches("/app1.*"), app1), |
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Rule(PathMatches("/app2.*"), app2) |
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]) |
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server = HTTPServer(router) |
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For more information on application-level routing see docs for `~.web.Application`. |
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""" |
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from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, with_statement |
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import re |
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from functools import partial |
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from tornado import httputil |
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from tornado.httpserver import _CallableAdapter |
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from tornado.escape import url_escape, url_unescape, utf8 |
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from tornado.log import app_log |
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from tornado.util import basestring_type, import_object, re_unescape, unicode_type |
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try: |
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import typing # noqa |
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except ImportError: |
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pass |
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class Router(httputil.HTTPServerConnectionDelegate): |
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"""Abstract router interface.""" |
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def find_handler(self, request, **kwargs): |
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# type: (httputil.HTTPServerRequest, typing.Any)->httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate |
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"""Must be implemented to return an appropriate instance of `~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` |
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that can serve the request. |
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Routing implementations may pass additional kwargs to extend the routing logic. |
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:arg httputil.HTTPServerRequest request: current HTTP request. |
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:arg kwargs: additional keyword arguments passed by routing implementation. |
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:returns: an instance of `~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` that will be used to |
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process the request. |
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""" |
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raise NotImplementedError() |
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def start_request(self, server_conn, request_conn): |
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return _RoutingDelegate(self, server_conn, request_conn) |
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class ReversibleRouter(Router): |
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"""Abstract router interface for routers that can handle named routes |
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and support reversing them to original urls. |
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""" |
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def reverse_url(self, name, *args): |
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"""Returns url string for a given route name and arguments |
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or ``None`` if no match is found. |
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:arg str name: route name. |
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:arg args: url parameters. |
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:returns: parametrized url string for a given route name (or ``None``). |
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""" |
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raise NotImplementedError() |
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class _RoutingDelegate(httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate): |
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def __init__(self, router, server_conn, request_conn): |
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self.server_conn = server_conn |
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self.request_conn = request_conn |
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self.delegate = None |
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self.router = router # type: Router |
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def headers_received(self, start_line, headers): |
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request = httputil.HTTPServerRequest( |
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connection=self.request_conn, |
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server_connection=self.server_conn, |
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start_line=start_line, headers=headers) |
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self.delegate = self.router.find_handler(request) |
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return self.delegate.headers_received(start_line, headers) |
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def data_received(self, chunk): |
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return self.delegate.data_received(chunk) |
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def finish(self): |
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self.delegate.finish() |
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def on_connection_close(self): |
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self.delegate.on_connection_close() |
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class RuleRouter(Router): |
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"""Rule-based router implementation.""" |
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def __init__(self, rules=None): |
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"""Constructs a router from an ordered list of rules:: |
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RuleRouter([ |
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Rule(PathMatches("/handler"), Target), |
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# ... more rules |
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]) |
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You can also omit explicit `Rule` constructor and use tuples of arguments:: |
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RuleRouter([ |
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(PathMatches("/handler"), Target), |
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]) |
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`PathMatches` is a default matcher, so the example above can be simplified:: |
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RuleRouter([ |
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("/handler", Target), |
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]) |
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In the examples above, ``Target`` can be a nested `Router` instance, an instance of |
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`~.httputil.HTTPServerConnectionDelegate` or an old-style callable, accepting a request argument. |
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:arg rules: a list of `Rule` instances or tuples of `Rule` |
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constructor arguments. |
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""" |
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self.rules = [] # type: typing.List[Rule] |
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if rules: |
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self.add_rules(rules) |
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def add_rules(self, rules): |
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"""Appends new rules to the router. |
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:arg rules: a list of Rule instances (or tuples of arguments, which are |
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passed to Rule constructor). |
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""" |
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for rule in rules: |
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if isinstance(rule, (tuple, list)): |
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assert len(rule) in (2, 3, 4) |
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if isinstance(rule[0], basestring_type): |
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rule = Rule(PathMatches(rule[0]), *rule[1:]) |
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else: |
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rule = Rule(*rule) |
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self.rules.append(self.process_rule(rule)) |
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def process_rule(self, rule): |
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"""Override this method for additional preprocessing of each rule. |
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:arg Rule rule: a rule to be processed. |
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:returns: the same or modified Rule instance. |
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""" |
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return rule |
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def find_handler(self, request, **kwargs): |
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for rule in self.rules: |
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target_params = rule.matcher.match(request) |
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if target_params is not None: |
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if rule.target_kwargs: |
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target_params['target_kwargs'] = rule.target_kwargs |
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delegate = self.get_target_delegate( |
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rule.target, request, **target_params) |
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if delegate is not None: |
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return delegate |
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return None |
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def get_target_delegate(self, target, request, **target_params): |
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"""Returns an instance of `~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` for a |
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Rule's target. This method is called by `~.find_handler` and can be |
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extended to provide additional target types. |
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:arg target: a Rule's target. |
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:arg httputil.HTTPServerRequest request: current request. |
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:arg target_params: additional parameters that can be useful |
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for `~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` creation. |
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""" |
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if isinstance(target, Router): |
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return target.find_handler(request, **target_params) |
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elif isinstance(target, httputil.HTTPServerConnectionDelegate): |
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return target.start_request(request.server_connection, request.connection) |
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elif callable(target): |
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return _CallableAdapter( |
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partial(target, **target_params), request.connection |
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) |
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return None |
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class ReversibleRuleRouter(ReversibleRouter, RuleRouter): |
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"""A rule-based router that implements ``reverse_url`` method. |
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Each rule added to this router may have a ``name`` attribute that can be |
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used to reconstruct an original uri. The actual reconstruction takes place |
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in a rule's matcher (see `Matcher.reverse`). |
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""" |
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def __init__(self, rules=None): |
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self.named_rules = {} # type: typing.Dict[str] |
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super(ReversibleRuleRouter, self).__init__(rules) |
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def process_rule(self, rule): |
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rule = super(ReversibleRuleRouter, self).process_rule(rule) |
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if rule.name: |
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if rule.name in self.named_rules: |
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app_log.warning( |
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"Multiple handlers named %s; replacing previous value", |
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rule.name) |
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self.named_rules[rule.name] = rule |
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return rule |
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def reverse_url(self, name, *args): |
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if name in self.named_rules: |
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return self.named_rules[name].matcher.reverse(*args) |
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for rule in self.rules: |
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if isinstance(rule.target, ReversibleRouter): |
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reversed_url = rule.target.reverse_url(name, *args) |
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if reversed_url is not None: |
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return reversed_url |
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return None |
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class Rule(object): |
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"""A routing rule.""" |
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def __init__(self, matcher, target, target_kwargs=None, name=None): |
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"""Constructs a Rule instance. |
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:arg Matcher matcher: a `Matcher` instance used for determining |
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whether the rule should be considered a match for a specific |
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request. |
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:arg target: a Rule's target (typically a ``RequestHandler`` or |
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`~.httputil.HTTPServerConnectionDelegate` subclass or even a nested `Router`, |
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depending on routing implementation). |
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:arg dict target_kwargs: a dict of parameters that can be useful |
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at the moment of target instantiation (for example, ``status_code`` |
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for a ``RequestHandler`` subclass). They end up in |
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``target_params['target_kwargs']`` of `RuleRouter.get_target_delegate` |
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method. |
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:arg str name: the name of the rule that can be used to find it |
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in `ReversibleRouter.reverse_url` implementation. |
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""" |
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if isinstance(target, str): |
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# import the Module and instantiate the class |
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# Must be a fully qualified name (module.ClassName) |
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target = import_object(target) |
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self.matcher = matcher # type: Matcher |
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self.target = target |
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self.target_kwargs = target_kwargs if target_kwargs else {} |
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self.name = name |
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def reverse(self, *args): |
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return self.matcher.reverse(*args) |
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def __repr__(self): |
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return '%s(%r, %s, kwargs=%r, name=%r)' % \ |
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(self.__class__.__name__, self.matcher, |
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self.target, self.target_kwargs, self.name) |
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class Matcher(object): |
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"""Represents a matcher for request features.""" |
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def match(self, request): |
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"""Matches current instance against the request. |
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:arg httputil.HTTPServerRequest request: current HTTP request |
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:returns: a dict of parameters to be passed to the target handler |
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(for example, ``handler_kwargs``, ``path_args``, ``path_kwargs`` |
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can be passed for proper `~.web.RequestHandler` instantiation). |
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An empty dict is a valid (and common) return value to indicate a match |
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when the argument-passing features are not used. |
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``None`` must be returned to indicate that there is no match.""" |
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raise NotImplementedError() |
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def reverse(self, *args): |
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"""Reconstructs full url from matcher instance and additional arguments.""" |
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return None |
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class AnyMatches(Matcher): |
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"""Matches any request.""" |
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def match(self, request): |
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return {} |
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class HostMatches(Matcher): |
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"""Matches requests from hosts specified by ``host_pattern`` regex.""" |
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def __init__(self, host_pattern): |
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if isinstance(host_pattern, basestring_type): |
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if not host_pattern.endswith("$"): |
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host_pattern += "$" |
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self.host_pattern = re.compile(host_pattern) |
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else: |
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self.host_pattern = host_pattern |
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def match(self, request): |
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if self.host_pattern.match(request.host_name): |
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return {} |
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return None |
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class DefaultHostMatches(Matcher): |
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"""Matches requests from host that is equal to application's default_host. |
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Always returns no match if ``X-Real-Ip`` header is present. |
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""" |
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def __init__(self, application, host_pattern): |
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self.application = application |
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self.host_pattern = host_pattern |
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def match(self, request): |
||||
|
# Look for default host if not behind load balancer (for debugging) |
||||
|
if "X-Real-Ip" not in request.headers: |
||||
|
if self.host_pattern.match(self.application.default_host): |
||||
|
return {} |
||||
|
return None |
||||
|
|
||||
|
|
||||
|
class PathMatches(Matcher): |
||||
|
"""Matches requests with paths specified by ``path_pattern`` regex.""" |
||||
|
|
||||
|
def __init__(self, path_pattern): |
||||
|
if isinstance(path_pattern, basestring_type): |
||||
|
if not path_pattern.endswith('$'): |
||||
|
path_pattern += '$' |
||||
|
self.regex = re.compile(path_pattern) |
||||
|
else: |
||||
|
self.regex = path_pattern |
||||
|
|
||||
|
assert len(self.regex.groupindex) in (0, self.regex.groups), \ |
||||
|
("groups in url regexes must either be all named or all " |
||||
|
"positional: %r" % self.regex.pattern) |
||||
|
|
||||
|
self._path, self._group_count = self._find_groups() |
||||
|
|
||||
|
def match(self, request): |
||||
|
match = self.regex.match(request.path) |
||||
|
if match is None: |
||||
|
return None |
||||
|
if not self.regex.groups: |
||||
|
return {} |
||||
|
|
||||
|
path_args, path_kwargs = [], {} |
||||
|
|
||||
|
# Pass matched groups to the handler. Since |
||||
|
# match.groups() includes both named and |
||||
|
# unnamed groups, we want to use either groups |
||||
|
# or groupdict but not both. |
||||
|
if self.regex.groupindex: |
||||
|
path_kwargs = dict( |
||||
|
(str(k), _unquote_or_none(v)) |
||||
|
for (k, v) in match.groupdict().items()) |
||||
|
else: |
||||
|
path_args = [_unquote_or_none(s) for s in match.groups()] |
||||
|
|
||||
|
return dict(path_args=path_args, path_kwargs=path_kwargs) |
||||
|
|
||||
|
def reverse(self, *args): |
||||
|
if self._path is None: |
||||
|
raise ValueError("Cannot reverse url regex " + self.regex.pattern) |
||||
|
assert len(args) == self._group_count, "required number of arguments " \ |
||||
|
"not found" |
||||
|
if not len(args): |
||||
|
return self._path |
||||
|
converted_args = [] |
||||
|
for a in args: |
||||
|
if not isinstance(a, (unicode_type, bytes)): |
||||
|
a = str(a) |
||||
|
converted_args.append(url_escape(utf8(a), plus=False)) |
||||
|
return self._path % tuple(converted_args) |
||||
|
|
||||
|
def _find_groups(self): |
||||
|
"""Returns a tuple (reverse string, group count) for a url. |
||||
|
|
||||
|
For example: Given the url pattern /([0-9]{4})/([a-z-]+)/, this method |
||||
|
would return ('/%s/%s/', 2). |
||||
|
""" |
||||
|
pattern = self.regex.pattern |
||||
|
if pattern.startswith('^'): |
||||
|
pattern = pattern[1:] |
||||
|
if pattern.endswith('$'): |
||||
|
pattern = pattern[:-1] |
||||
|
|
||||
|
if self.regex.groups != pattern.count('('): |
||||
|
# The pattern is too complicated for our simplistic matching, |
||||
|
# so we can't support reversing it. |
||||
|
return None, None |
||||
|
|
||||
|
pieces = [] |
||||
|
for fragment in pattern.split('('): |
||||
|
if ')' in fragment: |
||||
|
paren_loc = fragment.index(')') |
||||
|
if paren_loc >= 0: |
||||
|
pieces.append('%s' + fragment[paren_loc + 1:]) |
||||
|
else: |
||||
|
try: |
||||
|
unescaped_fragment = re_unescape(fragment) |
||||
|
except ValueError as exc: |
||||
|
# If we can't unescape part of it, we can't |
||||
|
# reverse this url. |
||||
|
return (None, None) |
||||
|
pieces.append(unescaped_fragment) |
||||
|
|
||||
|
return ''.join(pieces), self.regex.groups |
||||
|
|
||||
|
|
||||
|
class URLSpec(Rule): |
||||
|
"""Specifies mappings between URLs and handlers. |
||||
|
|
||||
|
.. versionchanged: 4.5 |
||||
|
`URLSpec` is now a subclass of a `Rule` with `PathMatches` matcher and is preserved for |
||||
|
backwards compatibility. |
||||
|
""" |
||||
|
def __init__(self, pattern, handler, kwargs=None, name=None): |
||||
|
"""Parameters: |
||||
|
|
||||
|
* ``pattern``: Regular expression to be matched. Any capturing |
||||
|
groups in the regex will be passed in to the handler's |
||||
|
get/post/etc methods as arguments (by keyword if named, by |
||||
|
position if unnamed. Named and unnamed capturing groups may |
||||
|
may not be mixed in the same rule). |
||||
|
|
||||
|
* ``handler``: `~.web.RequestHandler` subclass to be invoked. |
||||
|
|
||||
|
* ``kwargs`` (optional): A dictionary of additional arguments |
||||
|
to be passed to the handler's constructor. |
||||
|
|
||||
|
* ``name`` (optional): A name for this handler. Used by |
||||
|
`~.web.Application.reverse_url`. |
||||
|
|
||||
|
""" |
||||
|
super(URLSpec, self).__init__(PathMatches(pattern), handler, kwargs, name) |
||||
|
|
||||
|
self.regex = self.matcher.regex |
||||
|
self.handler_class = self.target |
||||
|
self.kwargs = kwargs |
||||
|
|
||||
|
def __repr__(self): |
||||
|
return '%s(%r, %s, kwargs=%r, name=%r)' % \ |
||||
|
(self.__class__.__name__, self.regex.pattern, |
||||
|
self.handler_class, self.kwargs, self.name) |
||||
|
|
||||
|
|
||||
|
def _unquote_or_none(s): |
||||
|
"""None-safe wrapper around url_unescape to handle unmatched optional |
||||
|
groups correctly. |
||||
|
|
||||
|
Note that args are passed as bytes so the handler can decide what |
||||
|
encoding to use. |
||||
|
""" |
||||
|
if s is None: |
||||
|
return s |
||||
|
return url_unescape(s, encoding=None, plus=False) |
||||
Loading…
Reference in new issue